least non-negative residue

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• Quadratic residue — In number theory, an integer q is called a quadratic residue modulo n if it is congruent to a perfect square modulo n; i.e., if there exists an integer x such that: Otherwise, q is called a quadratic nonresidue modulo n. Originally an abstract… …   Wikipedia

• Canonical form — Generally, in mathematics, a canonical form (often called normal form or standard form) of an object is a standard way of presenting that object. Canonical form can also mean a differential form that is defined in a natural (canonical) way; see… …   Wikipedia

• Modular arithmetic — In mathematics, modular arithmetic (sometimes called clock arithmetic) is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers wrap around after they reach a certain value the modulus. The Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler pioneered the modern… …   Wikipedia

• Quadratic sieve — The quadratic sieve algorithm (QS) is a modern integer factorization algorithm and, in practice, the second fastest method known (after the general number field sieve). It is still the fastest for integers under 100 decimal digits or so, and is… …   Wikipedia

• Gamma function — For the gamma function of ordinals, see Veblen function. The gamma function along part of the real axis In mathematics, the gamma function (represented by the capital Greek letter Γ) is an extension of the factorial function, with its… …   Wikipedia

• Riemann zeta function — ζ(s) in the complex plane. The color of a point s encodes the value of ζ(s): dark colors denote values close to zero and hue encodes the value s argument. The white spot at s = 1 is the pole of the zeta function; the black spots on the… …   Wikipedia

• Square root — Measured fall time of a small steel sphere falling from various heights. The data is in good agreement with the predicted fall time of , where h is the height and g is the acceleration of gravity. In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a… …   Wikipedia

• Modular representation theory — is a branch of mathematics, and that part of representation theory that studies linear representations of finite group G over a field K of positive characteristic. As well as having applications to group theory, modular representations arise… …   Wikipedia

• Complex plane — Geometric representation of z and its conjugate in the complex plane. The distance along the light blue line from the origin to the point z is the modulus or absolute value of z. The angle φ is the argument of z. In mathematics …   Wikipedia

• Numeral system — This article is about different methods of expressing numbers with symbols. For classifying numbers in mathematics, see number system. For how numbers are expressed using words, see number names. Numeral systems by culture Hindu Arabic numerals… …   Wikipedia

• Conductor (class field theory) — In algebraic number theory, the conductor of a finite abelian extension of local or global fields provides a quantitative measure of the ramification in the extension. The definition of the conductor is related to the Artin map. Contents 1 Local… …   Wikipedia